Interested in learning more about the the N64? Excellent! This section will guide you through the basics, starting from basic MIPS assembly language all the way to an introduction to reverse engineering your first game!
N64 Reversing Introduction
For an introduction on reverse engineering N64 games check out this post.
We recommend using the Reversers Edition
of the Mupen64+ emulator as it provides useful features for reverse engineering such as auto detection of functions.
N64 Reversing Emulator - Mupen64+ RE
Check out the N64 Reversing Emulator to help create full game reversals for your favourite game.
Although most Nintendo 64 games are written in C or C++, they all get compiled down to MIPS assembly code, so this is what you will mainly be working with when reverse engineering, so it is good to at least have a basic knowledge before getting started.
N64 MIPS Assembly Video Tutorials
For an introduction to N64 MIPS assembly check out this set of video tutorials.
Every game produced for the N64 required a little piece of code known as the “bootloader” or boot code to initialise the state of the console. You don’t have to know anything about this, apart from that it exists and tends to execute in the address space 0xa4000000
to 0xa4000b64
.
N64 Boot Code Analysis
For more information on the boot code check out this post.
Although Nintendo 64 didn’t have a massive library of games compared to its rival the Playstation, there has been a huge interest in finding and preserving early prototypes of the games, which are normally found on development (Flash) cartridges.
List of Nintendo 64 Prototypes - Hidden Palace
Hidden Palace has the most complete list of released Nintendo 64 Prototypes and Demos, check it out here.
When it comes to finding a game to reverse engineer it can be helpful to look at games that are cross-platform to compare builds.
But the most valuable reverse engineering projects tend to be the platform exclusives as these are games people can no longer play on modern consoles.
List of Nintendo 64 Exclusive Games - N64 Squid
The website N64 Squid has compiled an excellent list of games that have never been re-released and thus need N64 hardware to be able to play
Wikipedia also maintains a list of N64 exclusives - Nintendo 64-only games - Wikipedia.
The Youtuber Sharopolis has an excellent video talking about the games that really pushed the limits of the Nintendo 64 Hardware.
While the N64 is good at rendering 3D graphics, it struggles with textures due to its 4KB texture cache limitation. This results in the console being unable to display high-resolution detailed textures. However, the N64 can filter low-resolution textures, creating a smoother appearance. Beetle Adventure Racing exploits this feature to create realistic environments.
One of the standout visual features of the game is the reflection effect on the cars, achieved through a technique likely involving a frame buffer as a texture. The game also showcases other graphical effects such as particle effects, motion blur, fog, and real-time shadows. Beetle Adventure Racing maintains a solid framerate, though it doesn’t reach 60 FPS.
F-Zero is a standout N64 game with a consistent 60 frames per second, which was rare for games in that era. Smooth action was important for this fast-paced game, and it achieved this by keeping the graphics simple, focusing on essential elements like the track and cars. Nintendo’s expertise made the simplicity feel like a stylistic choice.
Factor 5 developed three visually impressive N64 games: Rogue Squadron, Star Wars Episode 1: The Battle for Naboo, and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine. These games featured high polygon environments, excellent lighting and shadow effects, great character animations, and higher resolutions. Factor 5 achieved these improvements through custom micro code for the N64’s reality signal processor, allowing for better performance and more complex scenes.
The most impressive console port of all time is Resident Evil 2 on the N64. It was a surprise to see on the N64 due to storage space limitations, as N64 cartridges maxed out at 64 megabytes, while CD ROMs on PlayStation and Sega Saturn had capacities over 600 megabytes. The two-disc game was compressed to fit in a 64-megabyte cartridge through data compression techniques. Comparing the two versions, the PlayStation’s cutscenes look slightly better, but the N64 version has higher quality music. The N64 managed to achieve full motion video through its powerful CPU and Graphics co-processor.
Rare games, particularly Perfect Dark, pushed the N64 to its limits, making brilliant use of limited textures, layering, and variety. Perfect Dark showcased a range of impressive effects like volumetric lighting, corona effect, and a reflective floor in the main hub. Despite its lower resolution and frame rate compared to Factor 5 games.
The Youtuber OnaRetroTip has an excellent documentary about the making of Goldeneye 007 which goes into incredible detail about the development of the game.
It mentions a few interesting things:
Recently there has been a growing interest in reversing Nintendo 64 games back to source code that when compiled is binary-compatible with the original ROM.
These projects take a very long time but in the end are hugely rewarding, they result in full source code that can be compiled and even ported to other hardware.
N64 Decompiling with Ghidra
If you are interested in Decompiling a Nintendo 64 game with Ghidra check out this post.
With the source code available it is trivial to understand how the game works and can be the basis for future game mods that are many times more complex.
This can be beneficial for game developers and anyone who is interested in how games are made, they can also be beneficial for speed runners due to the better understanding of how to exploit the game.
Super Mario 64
For an example of a decompilation project for Super Mario 64 check out this post.
Mario Kart 64
For an example of a partial reversal of Mario Kart 64 check out this post.
Legend of Zelda Ocarina Of Time Decompilation
Check out the Legend of Zelda Ocarina Of Time decompilation project on Github!
Legend of Zelda Majora's Mask Decompilation
Check out the Legend of Zelda Majora's Mask decompilation project on Github!
Unlike a full game reversal project a Mod goes in the opposite direction by changing the original game to add new levels, textures, music and even alter the games code and physics engine.
The Game Modding category also includes translation patches to convert the game’s text to another language, which can bring many region-exclusive games to a world-wide audience.
Nintendo 64 games can look a bit dated due to their low resolution textures, but it is possible to replace these textures with High Definition versions using an emulator!
Whether you just want to get further in your favourite game, unlock hidden content or even completely corrupt/glitch the game, you can use a cheat cartridge such as Action Replay or emulator memory editing to change games in real-time.
Emulator Game Memory corruption
For details about corrupting ROMs and memory at runtime to create check out this post.
The main Nintendo 64 anti-piracy measure was the enhanced CIC
chip based on the Super Nintendos CIC chip design but far more secure.
This was a mechanism to prevent cartridges being produced without Nintendo’s licensing fee.
During the N64’s lifetime there were various unlicensed devices that ignored the CIC chip such as game backup devices (e.g Bung’s Dr V64), game cheat cartridges (e.g Equalizer/Action Replay) and region unlockers (Passport Plus). Most required a legitimate cartridge to be inserted into the back and used that for the CIC chip communication.
Datel Action Replay Professional (N64)
For more information on the Action Replay Cheat Code Cartridge check out this post.
During its lifetime the Nintendo 64 had its share of piracy problems, although no where near the extend of its competitor the Sony Playstation it was still possible to backup and run backup games via hardware such as the Doctor V64.
Bung Doctor v64 (N64)
For more information on Bung Doctor V64 check out this post.
Development kits are released to game developers before the launch of the system to allow games to be developed for the system’s launch. These systems would evolve over the systems lifespan and contained useful features for debugging and optimising games for the platform. These systems were not just limited to the official offerings by Nintendo as a few other publishers had their own versions of development hardware.
The official development kit for the N64 was a partnership between SGI and Intelligent Systems and the hardware evolved over time. The first development kit released was a modified SGI ONYX
provided by SGI and contained similar hardware to the final N64.
Official Nintendo 64 (Ultra 64) Development Kit Hardware
For more information on the original N64 Devkit check out this post.
There were a few third party developers who created their own custom development kits for the Nintendo 64. One of the main developers for 3rd party devkits was SN Systems with their Maestro64 aimed at 3D and Sound artists and with a much cheaper price tag than an official N64 devkit.
Maestro64
For more information on the SN Systems Maestro 64 check out this post.
A version of the Nintendo 64 SDK was released on the internet allowing you to use the same tools that your favourite developer used back-in-the-day. This can be useful if you are aiming for a 100% accurate decompilation of a game that can be compiled to the byte-identical ROM.
Official Nintendo 64 SDK
For more information on the released n64 SDK check out this post.
Official N64 SDK Setup (MacOSX/Linux/Win)
For more information on how to setup the released n64 SDK check out this post.
During the Nintendo 64s lifetime 3D modelling tools evolved at an incredible pace. 3D games were the new trend which pushed developers into creating new 3D games in order to get published.
N64 3D Modelling Software
If you are interested in how 3D models were created for the N64 check out this post.
The Nintendo 64 has some of the most beloved video game soundtracks with classics such as Banjo-Kazooie, Buck Bumble, Super Mario 64 and many more.
N64 Sound and Music
If you are interested in how sound and music was implemented into your favourite games check out this post.
When the N64 was launched it was the most powerful game console on the market and brought incredible processing power into the home. The hardware was state of the art and exploring how it was developed is a fascinating topic.
The Console itself was built by a partnership between Nintendo and SGI and contained a 64-bit MIPS CPU along with a custom chip known as the Reality Co-Processor
which handled graphics and vector calculations along with a few other functions.
Nintendo 64 Hardware Architecture
For more information on the N64 hardware architecture check out this post.
The N64 controller was a very distinctive shape, some people loved it and others hated it, but we can all agree it was a unique experience. If you are interested in how the controller hardware works then check out this excellent article by HowStuffWorks. Controller - How N64 Works | HowStuffWorks
Nintendo made the controversial decision to continue using cartridges for its next-gen console after the Super Nintendo, this has the benefit of excellent loading times compared to CDs but came at the cost of a smaller capacity and higher cost to produce.
Up until very recently there has been little official N64 source code released, just a few examples that come with the released SDKs. This changed very suddenly when 2 retail games had their source code leaked at roughly the same time, these games were Turok - Dinosaur Hunter
and Mortal Kombat 64
.
Studying the source code for these games can give vital insight into what it was like developing games back in the mid to late 90s when the Nintendo 64 was at the cutting-edge. The information gained from this can be very useful to help you reverse engineer the games back into retail-like source code.
Turok 64 Official Source Code Analysis
For more information on the released turok64 source code check out this post.
There are some fantastic open source projects in the Nintendo 64 homebrew community, these range from tech demos to full games and everything in between. One excellent example of source code provided by the homebrew community is Peter Lemon’s N64 Bare Metal Mips programming examples: PeterLemon/N64: N64 Bare Metal Mips Assembly Programming
One of the best ways to learn how the Nintendo 64 worked is to take a look inside the source code of an emulator, by modifying it and seeing the results on your favourite games you can start to understand why it worked the way it did.
Mupen64+ Emulator Source Code Analysis
For a walkthrough of the Mupen64+ source code check out this post.
The Youtuber Ferris (ferrisstreamsstuff) has an excellent playlist taking you right from the start to a working N64 emulator:
In early May 2020 a leak of Nintendo Source Code hit the popular image board 4chan. The material contained in this leak was obtained by a young hacker known as... ...
Bung Dr V64 The Doctor V64 was a 3rd Party Development kit and Piracy device that was much cheaper than the official nintendo development kits 1. It is the original... ...
Datel Action Replay Professional V-Ram functionality You could press a “Freeze button” on the Action Replay to “see images not normally visible during playing of the game”. The video seems... ...
Importing a Nintendo 64 ROM Download and Install Ghidra Before following the steps on this post please make sure you have a working Ghidra environment setup. So you should be... ...
On the 25th of July 2020, the day after the Gigaleak, its sequel Gigaleak 2 was uploaded to a thread on 4chan. This is a continuation of the leaks that... ...
Introduction to Mario Kart 64 The Game was made by Nintendo EAD and was released in Europe on June 24th, 1997. The development team consisted of 8 programmers under the... ...
Memory Hacking One excellent way to get started modifying your favourite game is to use memory hacking techniques. By learning what memory locations are used for specific functions you can... ...
Introduction Game corruption has become a hot topic recently due to many you tubers playing through games that have in some way had their memory corrupted. This practise can cause... ...
Introduction Mupen64+ Reverser Edition (RE) is a fork of the Mupen64+ Nintendo 64 emulator tailored for reverse engineering. The main aim is to generate information that will be useful for... ...
Introduction The Mupen64+ emulator is one of the best open source emulators available for the Nintendo 64, so if you are interested in emulator development or how the Nintendo 64... ...
Mystical Ninja N64 Memory Rom Editing with CheatEngine and MuPen64 In this video the author goes over some progress he has made trying to understand the layout of the Goemon... ...
Interested in learning more about the the N64? Excellent! This section will guide you through the basics, starting from basic MIPS assembly language all the way to an introduction to reverse engineering your first game!
...Introduction to Nintendo 64 Bootcode In this post we will be exploring the Nintendo 64 Bootstrapping Code or Boot code for short. The boot code is a short piece of... ...
The Nintendo 64 hardware brought incredible processing power into players homes with its 64-bit architecture and state of the art graphics. In order to pull this off Nintendo worked with... ...
Subscribe to Fraser N64! First of all in order to help support the creation of more excellent N64 MIPS tutorials, consider subscribing to Fraser here: Fraser N64 - YouTube Watch... ...
Introduction Unlike most PC hardware at the time the Nintendo 64 has the advantage of having its own stand alone graphics processor known as the Reality Co-Processor (RCP). This freed... ...
Introduction Unlike most PC hardware at the time the Nintendo 64 has the advantage of having its own stand alone graphics processor known as the Reality Co-Processor (RCP). This freed... ...
This post will give a brief introduction for the tools and techniques you need to start reverse engineering and decompiling a N64 Game. Part 1 - Looking for Initial Clues... ...
This post covers the Official Nintendo 64 Software Development kit that was sent to developers is actually split among a number of different discs due to its size. These Discs... ...
Decoding Audio on the RSP The Reality Signal Processor or RSP is not only used for the games graphics, it is also used for the games audio and so the... ...
During the Nintendo 64s lifetime 3D modelling tools evolved at an incredible pace. 3D games were the new trend which pushed developers into creating new 3D games in order to... ...
The website N64Squid has a page dedicated to Nintendo 64 development hardware that is well worth a look: Nintendo 64 development hardware - N64 Squid. This page aims to compliment... ...
The Oman Archive was a leak of Nintendo Technical documents from a source inside SGI in late 1999. It was uploaded to the internet under the name oman.rar but has... ...
Have you ever wondered what exactly is inside those retro game cartirdges (ROMs)? In this post we will find out the purpose of ROM cartridges and how they worked. Advantages... ...
SN64 was a software development kit for the Nintendo 64 created by SN Systems and was especially popular with 3rd party game developers. Introduction Sn Systems are a company that... ...
Introduction to Super Mario 64 Reversing & Modding The Game was made by Nintendo EAD and was released in Europe on March 1st, 1997. The development team consisted of 2... ...
Introduction to Turok 64 Game was made by Iguana Entertainment under Acclaim and released on March 4th 1997. The development team consisted of 9 programmers under the lead of Rob... ...
The iQue Player was a sort of plug and play version of the Nintendo 64 system sold in China with its main aim to stop the rampant piracy in the... ...
Drop Z64 files here to view ...
Introduction The Official Nintendo 64 software development kit (SDK) was created by a partnership between Silicon Graphics (SGI) and Nintendo to be released with the development hardware produced by SGI... ...
This guide will presume you have already installed the radare2 suite of binary analysis tools on your computer. Radare 2 supports z64 big endian binaries using the r_bin plugin that... ...