What was the first Arcade Video Game?

Computer Space released in 1971 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney is widely considered the first arcade game. While it wasn’t a massive commercial hit, it proved that money could be made from creating video games and the authors went on to found Atari to take the concept to the next level with Pong ¹.

It has a unique fiberglass design that aimed to appear futuristic and still makes it look unique to this day compared to the wooden arcade cabinates that followed it.

Despite its name it is not actually a “computer” as microchips were too expensive in 1971 so it used TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) which meant that the “code” was actually the series of wires and switches that connected to each other. So to change the functinality or fix a bug it meant actually physically resoldering the connections.

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Development of Arcade Games

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Pac-Man’s kill screen

Retro Game Mechanics Explained explains Pac-Man’s kill screen as a game-implementation problem. It is a compact case study for connecting visible arcade behaviour to the code and data behind it.

What programming languages were used to create Arcade games?

Early arcade games didn’t use a programming language at all with all the game logic built at the hardware level. So to change the game it meant literally rewiring the hardware components and modding involved adding new hardware components which bypassed the original behavior.

As for later arcade games that had a microprocessor the programming language used can depend on the power of the system, some less powerful boards used pure assembly to write the game code and others used a higher level language such as C.

For example the 1990 game Klax was written in C according to Greg Omi who was sent the source code for his Atari Lynx port of the game ².

This is further confirmed in a 1990 interview with original designer of Klax Mark Stephen Pierce³:

“All Atari coin‑ops today are written in C ‑ that’s the most popular language with the programmers here, I guess. The actual programming work is carried out on standard terminals, and then transferred into our VAX machines where it’s compiled and compressed. Finally it’s downloaded from there through an EPROM burner and onto the hardware for the game that the engineer has put together. Every coin‑op’s hardware is different partly because each game is different, and partly as a form of copy protection.

What tools were used to create the art for Arcade games?

In the 1990 interview with Mark Stephen Pierce the following was published (in “The One” magazine) ³:

Mark’s graphics are produced on a PC ‑ but using Atari’s own specially written utility: RAD (Rendering and Animation Design). “It’s basically a standard paint tool with some animation facilities. I design and draw on the PC before uploading everything to the VAX to be compressed.”

What did a Typical Arcade Game Development Team Look Like?

In the early days of arcade gaming, development teams needed to be highly specialized. Unlike today’s streamlined development environments, both hardware and software had to be built from scratch for each new game. This required expertise across a wide range of disciplines, from custom chip design to game logic and audiovisual presentation.

As arcade hardware evolved and became more standardized-often borrowing from or influencing console architectures-the hardware workload decreased slightly. However, the software and design demands increased, calling for larger, more diverse teams to handle game mechanics, visual design, sound, and player experience.

A great example is Taito’s groundbreaking 1987 arcade title, Darius, which employed a team with clearly defined roles:

• Sound Designer – Yasuhiko Tanaka
• Composer – Hisayoshi “OGR” Ogura
• Cabinet Designer – Natsuki Hirosawa
• Game Designer – Junji Yarita
• Planner – Akira Fujita
• Programmer – Toru Sagawara
• Hardware Engineer – Takeki Nakamura

For a deeper look into the development of Darius, check out this excellent translated interview on shmuplations:
Darius I & II – 1986/89 Developer Interviews – shmuplations.com

How long did it take to develop an Arcade game?

In 1990 Atari developer Mark Stephen Pierce had the following to say about the length of time for developing an Arcade game:

An Atari game takes, on average, around a year to produce ‑ but then an average can come from two extremes, which is certainly in Mark’s case - Escape took over two years to put together, whereas Klax was written in just four months!

How were Arcade games tested?

The challenge with Arcade games is they are expensive to produce and need to be visually appealing, easy to grasp, and have a carefully balanced difficulty level. Challenging enough to be engaging but not so hard that it drives players away or so easy that it allows endless play on a single coin.

So prototype Arcade games were placed into various arcades and player behaviour was closely monitored to strike the right balance of difficulty and engagement. The Atari games even had a video recorder built in so that the development team could watch how players played the game, along with a computer that tracked the money made for the game ³.

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Arcade Development Hardware

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Tempest ROM hacking and EPROMs

Dave’s Garage introduces Tempest video-game hacking and EPROMs. The tutorial connects changes to an arcade program with the physical chips that store it.

Game Development at Taito

Taito put together a 250-page Hardware Manual for new developers who joined the team to learn how to create an Arcade game from scratch using RAM/ROM/CPU chips and a standard TV. This was before the internet and even before there were many books on the topic when the industry was very new and companies didn’t want to share their “trade secrets”.

With the Taito Hardware Manual for reference, new engineers were sent out to Akihabara to get some ROM and RAM chips and a CPU, solder them all together onto a test PCB, then write a brick breaker game.https://t.co/huXblA0rv4https://t.co/CXlnKUPHkH pic.twitter.com/Yip45KbLIE

— Taito Corporation (@TaitoCorp) January 19, 2024

They used an In-Circuit Emulator to debug the programs they were creating as can be seen in this diagram:

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Development of RoboTron (1981)

At GDC 2014 Eugene Jarvis gives an excellent presentation about the development of Robotron:

They used the Gimix 6809 as their development system:

As for the software side, they had to write their own text editor and assembler, they didn’t comment or use tabs as every byte that was used in memory was precious:

In Retro Gamer 28 there is an excellent article from Archer Maclean where he went to a presentation by Eugene Jarvis and this is what he had to say ⁴:

He went on to describe that his code spilled over into multiple files on more than one floppy, and yet there were no multi-floppy code-linkers so he devised the exact same bizarre jump vector solution I had devised to allow non-linked blocks of code to communicate. Then he described how he had to write ‘utilities’ to edit tiny bitmaps drawn on graph paper and entered as hex, and how to get around the one hour compile times by editing memory directly and disassembling in your head, and how to make interesting sounds from 30 bytes of data, and how to write ultra-tight optimised machine code to move small bitmaps around a screen fast, and off course, cram it all into a 32k ROM.

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Arcade Game Source Code

Defender (1981 by Williams Electronics)

The source code for the classic arcade game from 1981 Defender has been released on Github: mwenge/defender: Defender(1981) by Eugene Jarvis and Sam Dicker

It is written in a variant of the Assembly language specifically for the Motorola 6809 CPU ⁵.

The physical board had 11 ROM chips on it that would need to be flashed with the assembled result of that source code ⁵.

Defender was developed by Eugene Jarvis and Larry DeMar two programmers who utilized algorithms to great effect rather than relying on artists, one such example is the classic explosion particle effect. Defender became one of the highest grossing arcade games in history ⁶.

The first issue of the Magazine Wireframe contains a python (pygame) code snippet to re-create the classic particle explosion from Defender ⁶. You can find that code on github too: https://github.com/Wireframe-Magazine/Wireframe-1/blob/master/explosion.py

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Acrobat Mission Rank Analysis

Pasky’s Acrobat Mission Ghidra analysis connects the shooter’s difficulty system to specific game-state values rather than relying on perceived difficulty. The thread reports a separate rank from 0 to 7 for each player, with starting values set by the difficulty DIP switches. Rank rises every 1,800 play updates, approximately 30 seconds at 60 Hz ⁷.

According to the analysis, higher rank reduces some shot damage and changes charged-shot hit-check intervals rather than increasing enemy health. For the World version, Pasky identifies player rank at 0x80270 and 0x80292, with timers at 0x80272 and 0x80294. These are author-reported findings for that version, not addresses established for every release ⁷.

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Speed Up Kits

Speed-up kits, also known as enhancement kits, were aftermarket hardware modifications designed to alter the behavior of arcade games. These kits typically increased game speed, introduced new features, or adjusted difficulty levels. By modifying the original game code or hardware, speed-up kits aimed to rejuvenate player interest and extend the commercial lifespan of arcade cabinets.

Purpose and Impact of Speed Up Kits

The primary motivations for implementing speed-up kits included:

• Increased Revenue: Faster gameplay reduced session times, allowing more players per hour and increasing coin drop rates.
• Extended Cabinet Life: By refreshing game mechanics, operators could delay purchasing new machines.
• Enhanced Player Engagement: New challenges and features kept experienced players interested.

For example, the original Asteroids game allowed skilled players to play indefinitely on a single credit. A speed-up kit made the game more challenging, thereby reducing playtime per credit and increasing revenue .

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Notable Examples

Some of the most famous examples of speed up kits are:

• Super Missile Attack: Developed by General Computer Corporation (GCC), this kit modified Atari’s Missile Command, adding new enemies and increasing difficulty. Its success led to legal action from Atari, which was eventually settled when Atari hired GCC to develop games .
• Ms Pac Man: Another GCC project, this kit transformed Namco’s Pac-Man into Crazy Otto, introducing new mazes and improved AI. Midway licensed and released it as an official sequel called Ms Pac Man ⁸.

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How were Speed Up Kits implemented?

Speed-up kits were typically implemented through reverse engineering the original game and modifying it using:

• Daughterboards: Additional circuit boards that modified signals or data paths.
• ROM Replacements: Swapping out original ROM chips with modified versions containing new code.
• Clock Modifications: Altering the system clock to increase CPU speed, thus speeding up gameplay .

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Legal and Ethical Considerations

While speed-up kits offered benefits to arcade operators, they raised legal and ethical questions:

• Intellectual Property: Modifying and distributing altered versions of games without permission infringed on the original developers’ rights.
• Quality Control: Unauthorized modifications could lead to inconsistent gameplay experiences and potential hardware issues.

The legal dispute between Atari and GCC over Super Missile Attack highlighted these concerns. The settlement resulted in GCC ceasing unauthorized modifications and instead developing licensed content resulting in Ms Pac Man ⁸.

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Legacy of Speed Up Kits

Speed-up kits played a significant role in the arcade industry’s evolution:

• Innovation Catalyst: They demonstrated the demand for game enhancements, influencing official sequels and updates.
• Technical Advancement: The reverse engineering skills developed during kit creation contributed to advancements in game development and hardware understanding.
• Preservation Challenges: Today, original speed-up kits are valuable to collectors and historians but pose challenges for preservation due to their unofficial nature.

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MAME: The Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator

MAME (Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator) is a free and open-source project that emulates the hardware of arcade systems, allowing classic games to run on modern platforms. Its primary goal is to preserve decades of software history by accurately documenting and replicating the behavior of original arcade hardware.

History of MAME

MAME version 0.1 was released on February 5, 1997, by Italian programmer Nicola Salmoria. This first version was a command-line application for MS-DOS and supported five games:  

• Pac-Man
• Pengo
• Phoenix
• Pleiads
• Frogger

To run a game, you would use the DOS prompt like so:

mame pacman

All of the first games used a Z80 CPU, the first non-z80 game was Centipede which was released in version 0.10 on the 13th March 1997 ⁹.

For a full release history of MAME check out: MAME Release Dates - Retro Arcade Guides

1997 July - MAME32 first release

The first release of MAME32 occurred on July 18, 1997, with version 0.26.1 ⁹. This marked the debut of a Windows-based version of MAME, featuring a graphical user interface (GUI) that simplified the process of loading and managing arcade ROMs.

Developed by Chris Kirmse, MAME32 made arcade emulation more accessible to a broader audience by eliminating the need for command-line operations required in the original MS-DOS version of MAME.

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2014 - The Internet Arcade

The Internet Arcade was first launched in early November 2014, it enables users to play classic arcade games directly in their web browser by leveraging JSMESS, a JavaScript port of the MAME emulator ¹⁰.

JSMESS was created by cross-compiling the original C/C++ codebase into JavaScript using Emscripten, a toolchain that translates C/C++ code into asm.js or WebAssembly for high-performance execution in browsers.

The original source code for JSMESS, is still available on JSMESS original Github. But please note that it has now been integrated into the main MAME repository, so this repository is now archived and no longer actively maintained, but the source remains accessible for historical and reference purposes.

For an up-to-date build of JSMESS you can follow the Emscripten part of the guide here: Compiling MAME - MAME Documentation 0.278 documentation

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2015 - MAME merges with MESS

In 2015, MAME merged with MESS (Multi Emulator Super System), expanding its scope to include home consoles, computers, and calculators.

2016 - CppCon The MAME story: From C to Modern C++

At CppCon 2016 Miodrag Milanović gave a fantastic talk about how MAME moved from C to modern C++, which helped with better compatibility, portability, and overall better code, you can watch it on youtube below:

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MAME in the Press

MAME was first mentioned in issue 45 of EDGE magazine back in May 1997, only a few months after the first release, ever since then it has been mentioned in hundreds of magazines, books and newspapers.

It wasn’t just western media either, as far back as June 2000 MAME was being advertised in Japanese magazines (Arcadia Issue 1):

MAME was again featured in EDGE magazine in October 2002, where it was described as “by far the greatest and most important piece of video gaming code ever written”¹¹.

Unreleased Arcade Games

Rare’s Razz Board

The RAZZ is a 1988-era custom arcade board from Rare that used a unique Hitachi Z80-based “DMA hijacking” technique to enable high-speed sprite rendering and an extensive color palette, serving as the technical foundation for unreleased projects like the flight simulator ‘Fokker’ and the ‘Playboy’ handheld prototype.

Fokker (Unreleased Arcade Game)

Rare Gamer provides a technical overview of Fokker, a cancelled 1988 arcade flight simulator that was intended to be Rare’s first coin-op release. The link details the game’s development on the proprietary “Razz” arcade board, which enabled 3D bi-plane dogfighting and bombing runs through early hardware-accelerated rendering techniques. Lead programmer Simon Hallam managed a five-month development cycle before the project was cancelled, leaving behind a functional prototype that serves as a significant milestone in Rare’s early technical history.

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Magazine Interviews

The magazine index collects developer interviews tagged for this system across all indexed magazines.

Magazine	Issue	Pages	Developer	Platforms	Description
Retro Gamer	3	p. 35	Toshihiro Nishikado	Arcade	Nishikado discusses the design of Space Invaders and its later anniversary edition.
Retro Gamer	6	p. 33	Nolan Bushnell	Arcade	Bushnell discusses Atari and his views on the games industry.
Retro Gamer	13	pp. 26-30	Jamie Fenton	Arcade, Bally Arcade	The Desert Island Disks profile discusses Fenton’s work on GORF and the Bally Arcade.
Retro Gamer	13	p. 74	Jeff Kulczycki	Arcade	Kulczycki discusses disassembling and modifying arcade game ROMs.
Retro Gamer	18	pp. 16-21	Tim Skelly	Arcade	The Desert Island Disks profile discusses Skelly’s arcade programming, including Reactor.
Retro Gamer	20	pp. 69-73	Greg Rice	Arcade, Nintendo Entertainment System	Former American Technos executive Rice discusses the company’s arcade and home-game releases.
Retro Gamer	21	pp. 58-61	Nolan Bushnell	Arcade	Bushnell discusses founding Atari, developing Pong, and his views on early and modern game design.
Retro Gamer	21	pp. 76-79	Warren Davis	Arcade	The Desert Island Disks profile covers Davis’s work on Q*bert, digitised graphics, and later arcade games.
Retro Gamer	24	pp. 54-57	Gary Goldman	Arcade	Goldman discusses the animation and production of Dragon’s Lair.
Retro Gamer	24	p. 57	Jeff Kinder	Arcade	A short Q&A with the Dragon’s Lair Project creator covers his archive and preservation of laserdisc arcade games.
Retro Gamer	24	pp. 78-81	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	The Desert Island Disks profile covers Jarvis’s arcade design work, including Defender and Robotron: 2084.
Retro Gamer	27	pp. 76-79	Mike Day	Arcade, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC	Day discusses converting the Hard Drivin’ arcade game for home computers.
Retro Gamer	28	pp. 52-55	Steve Wozniak	Arcade	Wozniak recounts designing Breakout hardware for Atari.
Retro Gamer	29	pp. 34-39	Tokuro Fujiwara and Hironobu Takeshita	Arcade	The Capcom developers discuss the Ghosts ‘n Goblins series and its design.
Retro Gamer	29	pp. 76-80	Ed Logg	Arcade	The Desert Island Disks profile covers Logg’s work on Asteroids, Centipede, Gauntlet, and other arcade games.
Retro Gamer	32	pp. 76-81	Owen Rubin	Arcade	Owen Rubin discusses his Atari and Bally arcade career.
Retro Gamer	33	pp. 52-57	Michael Meyers	Arcade	Meyers discusses his work at Data East USA in the company profile.
Retro Gamer	35	pp. 60-63	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	Eugene Jarvis discusses Smash TV.
Retro Gamer	37	pp. 50-53	Akira Nishitani	Arcade	Akira Nishitani discusses Final Fight.
Retro Gamer	37	pp. 74-79	Tohru Murayama and Richard Leadbetter	Arcade	Tohru Murayama and Richard Leadbetter discuss the history of Virtua Fighter.
Retro Gamer	38	pp. 34-39	Eikichi Kawasaki and Keiko Ijo	Arcade	Eikichi Kawasaki and Keiko Ijo discuss SNK’s early history, part one.
Retro Gamer	38	pp. 72-79	Jon Waldern and Matt Wilkinson	Arcade	Jon Waldern and Matt Wilkinson discusses the rise and fall of Virtuality.
Retro Gamer	38	pp. 88-93	David Foster and other conversion developers	Arcade, Amiga, ZX Spectrum, NES, SNES	David Foster and other conversion developers discusses home conversions of Dragon’s Lair.
Retro Gamer	39	pp. 28-33	John Salwitz and Dave Ralston	Arcade	John Salwitz and Dave Ralston discusses Paperboy.
Retro Gamer	39	pp. 72-77	Eikichi Kawasaki	Arcade	Eikichi Kawasaki discuss SNK’s Neo Geo era, part two.
Retro Gamer	39	pp. 84-88	Ed Rotberg	Arcade	Ed Rotberg discusses his Atari arcade career.
Retro Gamer	40	pp. 26-33	Ed Boon	Arcade	Ed Boon discusses the history of Mortal Kombat.
Retro Gamer	40	pp. 54-58	Don McIntyre	Arcade	Don McIntyre discusses Virtuality’s unreleased Pac-Man VR.
Retro Gamer	40	pp. 66-71	Eikichi Kawasaki	Arcade	Eikichi Kawasaki discuss SNK’s later history, part three.
Retro Gamer	42	pp. 70-73	Kenji Kanno	Arcade, Sega Dreamcast	Interview about the making of Crazy Taxi.
Retro Gamer	47	pp. 48-53	Alan McNeil	Arcade	Interview about the making of Berzerk.
Retro Gamer	51	pp. 78-81	Franz Xaver Lanzinger	Arcade	Interview about the making of Crystal Castles.
Retro Gamer	52	pp. 40-45	Billy Mitchell and Walter Day	Arcade	Interview about the events depicted in The King of Kong.
Retro Gamer	52	pp. 56-63	Mike Hally	Arcade	Interview about the making of Atari’s Star Wars arcade game.
Retro Gamer	52	pp. 74-77	Mark Stephen Pierce	Arcade	Interview about the making of Klax.
Retro Gamer	52	pp. 82-87	Fumihiro Tanaka and Yozo Sakagami	Arcade, PlayStation	Interview about the arcade and PlayStation versions of Ridge Racer.
Retro Gamer	53	pp. 82-87	Mark Cerny	Arcade	Interview about the making of Marble Madness.
Retro Gamer	54	pp. 26-31	Yu Suzuki	Arcade	Interview about the making of OutRun.
Retro Gamer	54	pp. 70-73	Warren Davis and Jeff Lee	Arcade	Interview about the making of Qbert*.
Retro Gamer	55	pp. 34-39	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	Interview about the making of Defender.
Retro Gamer	55	pp. 52-55	Hiroaki Yotoriyama	Arcade, Sega Dreamcast	Interview about the making of Soulcalibur.
Retro Gamer	55	pp. 64-65	Bob Flanagan	Arcade	Interview about the unreleased Marble Madness II: Marble Man.
Retro Gamer	56	pp. 70-75	Brian Colin	Arcade	Interview about the making of Rampage.
Retro Gamer	59	pp. 52-55	Ed Rotberg	Arcade	Interview about the making of Battlezone.
Retro Gamer	59	pp. 78-79	Jon Stoodley	Arcade	Interview about his Pac-Man high-score strategies.
Retro Gamer	60	pp. 44-47	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	Interview about the making of Robotron: 2084.
Retro Gamer	60	pp. 86-90	Kazuma Kujo	Arcade	Interview about the making of R-Type.
Retro Gamer	61	pp. 26-31	Toru Iwatani	Arcade, Xbox 360	Interview about the making of Pac-Man and Pac-Man Championship Edition.
Retro Gamer	62	pp. 38-41	Ed Rotberg and Andrew Burgess	Arcade	Interviews about the making of S.T.U.N. Runner.
Retro Gamer	62	pp. 52-57	Tomohiro Nishikado	Arcade	Interview about the making of Space Invaders.
Retro Gamer	63	pp. 36-41	John Newcomer	Arcade	Interview about the making of Joust.
Retro Gamer	64	p. 14	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	A Moment With Q&A about his arcade games and Raw Thrills.
Retro Gamer	65	pp. 44-47	Dennis Harper	Arcade	Interview about the making of Toobin’.
Retro Gamer	66	pp. 28-31	Brian Colin	Arcade	Interview about the making of Spy Hunter.
Retro Gamer	66	pp. 74-77	Ed Logg, Greg Rivera and Mike Hally	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Road Runner.
Retro Gamer	67	pp. 80-85	Bob Flanagan	Arcade	Desert Island Disks interview about his game development career.
Retro Gamer	68	pp. 24-29	Ed Logg	Arcade	Interview about the making of Asteroids.
Retro Gamer	68	pp. 44-47	Hajime Nakatani	Arcade	Interview about the making of Starblade.
Retro Gamer	68	pp. 58-66	Robert Weatherby and Sam Comstock	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Super Sprint.
Retro Gamer	70	p. 16	Mike Hally	Arcade	A Moment With Q&A about his Atari arcade games.
Retro Gamer	70	pp. 82-83	Mike Hally and Greg Rivera	Arcade	Interviews about the making of The Empire Strikes Back.
Retro Gamer	72	pp. 36-39	Alan McNeil	Arcade	Interview about the making of Frenzy.
Retro Gamer	72	pp. 50-55	Alex Jimenez	Arcade	Interview about Capcom’s Dungeons & Dragons arcade games.
Retro Gamer	73	pp. 78-79	Dennis Harper	Arcade	Interview about the making of Return of the Jedi.
Retro Gamer	74	pp. 66-69	Scott Morrison and Steve Meyer	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Tapper.
Retro Gamer	75	pp. 44-47	Mark Stephen Pierce, Bonnie Smithson and Robert Weatherby	Arcade	Interviews about the making of RoadBlasters.
Retro Gamer	75	pp. 70-75	Steve Bristow	Arcade	Desert Island Disks interview about early Atari games and hardware.
Retro Gamer	76	pp. 26-33	Franz Lanzinger and other arcade developers	Arcade, Xbox 360	Q&As with original arcade game developers about Microsoft Game Room.
Retro Gamer	76	pp. 48-53	Kouichi Yotsui	Arcade	Interview about the making of Strider.
Retro Gamer	78	pp. 74-75	Ed Logg	Arcade	Interview about the making of Xybots.
Retro Gamer	79	pp. 40-45	Rich Moore and Howard Delman	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Lunar Lander.
Retro Gamer	80	pp. 86-91	Larry DeMar	Arcade	Desert Island Disks interview about Defender, Robotron: 2084 and pinball.
Retro Gamer	81	pp. 42-47	Doug Macrae, Steve Golson and Mike Horowitz	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Ms. Pac-Man.
Retro Gamer	82	pp. 64-67	Jamie Fenton	Arcade	Interview about the making of Gorf.
Retro Gamer	83	pp. 38-43	Dennis Harper	Arcade	Interview about the making of Primal Rage.
Retro Gamer	83	pp. 82-89	Allan Alcorn	Arcade	In the Chair interview about Pong, Atari and his career.
Retro Gamer	85	pp. 52-54	Andy Walker	Arcade	Q&A about the making of The Pit.
Retro Gamer	85	pp. 66-69	Tim Hoskins and Doug Macrae	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Jr. Pac-Man.
Retro Gamer	86	p. 14	Tim Skelly	Arcade	A Moment With Q&A about early vector arcade games.
Retro Gamer	88	pp. 26-33	Rob Fulop and Tony Temple	Arcade, Atari 2600	Interviews in the Missile Command coin-op feature.
Retro Gamer	88	pp. 62-65	Dave Theurer, Rich Adam and Lyle Rains	Arcade	Interviews about the making of Missile Command.
Retro Gamer	88	pp. 68-73	Tsuneki Ikeda and Makoto Asada	Arcade, Xbox 360	Exclusive interview with Cave developers about their shoot-’em-ups.
Retro Gamer	88	pp. 86-91	John Newcomer	Arcade	Desert Island Disks interview about his game development career.
Retro Gamer	89	pp. 38-41	Lyle Rains and Dennis Koble	Arcade	Q&A about the making of Sprint 2.
Retro Gamer	89	pp. 42-44	Andreas Axelsson, Jim Bagley, William Harbison, Simon Butler and Alex Trowers	Arcade, SNES, Sega Mega Drive	Developer memories in the 20th anniversary feature on Street Fighter II.
Retro Gamer	91	pp. 62-67	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	Developer comments on the creation of Smash TV and its bosses.
Retro Gamer	92	pp. 70-75	Tim Skelly and Howard Delman	Arcade	Interviews about vector graphics and early arcade games.
Retro Gamer	93	pp. 26-33	Nolan Bushnell, Ted Dabney and Steve Bristow	Arcade	Interviews about the creation of Computer Space.
Retro Gamer	93	pp. 60-65	Shigeru Yokoyama	Arcade	Interview about the development of Galaga and its sequels.
Retro Gamer	93	pp. 84-89	Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney	Arcade, Atari 2600	Interviews in the first part of the history of Atari Inc.
Retro Gamer	98	pp. 24-29	Kazuma Kujo	Arcade, Neo Geo	Interview about Metal Slug and the earlier Irem games that inspired it.
Retro Gamer	99	pp. 48-55	Hisaharu Tago and Daishi Odashima	Arcade, Sega Dreamcast, PlayStation 3	Interviews in the history of SoulCalibur.
Retro Gamer	100	p. 26	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade	First-person account of creating Robotron: 2084.
Retro Gamer	101	p. 11	Seamus Blackley	iOS, Arcade	Blackley discusses Innovative Leisure and its plans to bring arcade-style games to mobile devices with former Atari developers.
Retro Gamer	101	pp. 36-39	Yutaka Kounoe	Arcade	The designer describes how Namco developed Lucky & Wild as a cooperative driving and shooting game.
Retro Gamer	103	pp. 44-49	Yoshihisa Kishimoto	Arcade	The creator recalls designing Double Dragon and its cooperative combat.
Retro Gamer	104	pp. 22-29	Al Alcorn and Nolan Bushnell	Arcade	The Pong anniversary history includes firsthand accounts from Atari’s founders and the game’s engineer.
Retro Gamer	104	pp. 32-35	Yutaka Kounoe	Arcade, PlayStation	The Namco developer recalls the production of Tekken.
Retro Gamer	105	pp. 68-73	Dave Theurer	Arcade	The creator explains how Atari’s vector shooter Tempest was developed.
Retro Gamer	107	pp. 24-31	Eugene Jarvis and twin-stick shooter developers	Arcade	Jarvis and later developers discuss Robotron: 2084 and its influence on twin-stick shooters.
Retro Gamer	107	pp. 34-37	Owen Rubin	Arcade	Rubin discusses creating Atari’s vector arcade game Major Havoc.
Retro Gamer	107	pp. 88-93	Dennis Koble	Atari 2600, Arcade	The former Atari programmer recalls early coin-op and VCS development in Desert Island Disks.
Retro Gamer	108	pp. 74-79	Yoshihisa Kishimoto	Arcade	Kishimoto recalls the development of the Kunio-kun and Renegade games.
Retro Gamer	109	pp. 38-41	Yutaka Kounoe	Arcade	The Namco designer recalls creating the light-gun game Point Blank.
Retro Gamer	109	pp. 86-87	Lee Actor	Arcade	Actor explains the design of the arcade ice-hockey game Hat Trick.
Retro Gamer	111	pp. 74-77	John Salwitz	Arcade	The designer discusses the strategy, multiplayer play, and trackball controls of Rampart.
Retro Gamer	112	pp. 20-29	Game developers on power-ups	Arcade, Home computers	Developers explain memorable power-up designs in a feature surveying the mechanic.
Retro Gamer	112	pp. 84-87	Tim Skelly and Scott Boden	Arcade	The creators describe developing Cinematronics vector shooter Star Castle.
Retro Gamer	114	pp. 20-29	Dragon's Lair contributors	Arcade	People involved with the animated arcade game recall its production and release for the 30th anniversary feature.
Retro Gamer	114	pp. 66-71	Platform game developers	Arcade, Home computers	Developers including David Crane discuss the design and evolution of platform games.
Retro Gamer	114	pp. 90-95	Mark Turmell	Apple II, Arcade	Turmell discusses his programming career, including Smash TV and NBA Jam.
Retro Gamer	115	pp. 34-41	Indiana Jones game developers	Arcade, Super Nintendo, PC	Developers recall adapting the Indiana Jones films into arcade and home games.
Retro Gamer	115	pp. 84-89	Chase HQ developers and conversion programmers	Arcade, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC	Developers discuss the arcade game and its home-computer conversions.
Retro Gamer	116	pp. 38-41	Mark Turmell	Arcade	Turmell explains the design and commercial success of NBA Jam.
Retro Gamer	117	pp. 34-41	Ed Logg and Al Alcorn	Arcade	Atari developers recall Breakout, its hardware, and the later Super Breakout.
Retro Gamer	117	pp. 56-63	Toshihiro Nishikado	Arcade	The creator discusses Space Invaders and its impact 35 years after release.
Retro Gamer	118	pp. 35-41	Lightgun game developers	Arcade, Home consoles	Developers discuss lightgun hardware and the design of shooting games.
Retro Gamer	119	pp. 20-27	Warren Davis and Jeff Lee	Arcade	The designer and artist recall creating Q*bert and its arcade legacy.
Retro Gamer	119	pp. 38-45	Puzzle game developers	Arcade, Home computers, PC	Developers including Alexey Pajitnov and Peter Liepa explain influential puzzle games.
Retro Gamer	120	pp. 76-83	Beat-em-up developers	Arcade	Japanese developers discuss the design and growth of arcade fighting games.
Retro Gamer	123	pp. 48-53	Chris Tilston, Kevin Bayliss, and Mike Willette	Arcade, Super Nintendo, Xbox One	Developers of the original and revived Killer Instinct discuss the series.
Retro Gamer	124	pp. 18-25	Steve Lycett and Alex Ward	Arcade, PC, Xbox 360	Racing game developers discuss the genre; Ward answers a dedicated Burnout Q&A on page 23.
Retro Gamer	124	pp. 46-49	Makoto Uchida	Arcade, Mega Drive	Uchida explains the design of Altered Beast.
Retro Gamer	124	pp. 50-55	Michishito Ishizuka	Arcade, Master System, Mega Drive	The Westone co-founder discusses the studio and Wonder Boy series.
Retro Gamer	125	pp. 20-29	John Salwitz, Al Baker, and Steve Wilcox	Arcade	The Atari developers revisit Paperboy on its 30th anniversary.
Retro Gamer	125	pp. 70-75	Noah Falstein and Sinistar developers	Arcade	Williams developers recall the making of Sinistar.
Retro Gamer	125	pp. 92-97	Howell Ivy	Arcade	Ivy recounts his arcade development career.
Retro Gamer	126	pp. 34-41	Kouichi Yotsui and Strider conversion developers	Arcade, Home computers	Yotsui and home-version developers discuss Strider and its ports.
Retro Gamer	127	pp. 22-41	Arcade developers and operators	Arcade	Developers including Eugene Jarvis recall the rise and evolution of video arcades.
Retro Gamer	127	pp. 92-97	Ronald Wayne	Arcade	The former Atari engineer discusses his work at Atari and Apple.
Retro Gamer	128	pp. 20-27	Makoto Uchida	Arcade, Mega Drive	Uchida looks back at designing Golden Axe.
Retro Gamer	128	pp. 54-61	Katsuhiro Harada	Arcade, PlayStation	Harada discusses the origins and growth of Tekken.
Retro Gamer	129	pp. 24-29	George Petro and Dave Nutting	Arcade	The developers give firsthand accounts of maze games, including Trog and Wizard of Wor.
Retro Gamer	129	pp. 88-91	Dave Akers	Arcade	Akers discusses creating Escape from the Planet of the Robot Monsters.
Retro Gamer	131	pp. 20-27	Rampage developers and conversion programmers	Arcade, Home computers, Game Boy Color	Developers discuss the Rampage series, including conversion Q&As with Kenneth Hurley.
Retro Gamer	131	pp. 56-63	Interactive movie game developers	Arcade, Mega-CD, PC	Developers describe the rise of laserdisc and full-motion-video games.
Retro Gamer	131	pp. 76-81	RoadBlasters developers and conversion programmers	Arcade, Amstrad CPC	Original Atari and home-conversion developers discuss RoadBlasters.
Retro Gamer	133	pp. 24-31	Punch-Out developers	Arcade, NES, Super Nintendo	Nintendo developers discuss the series’ arcade origins and console sequels.
Retro Gamer	133	pp. 56-61	Rick Moncrief and Hard Drivin' developers	Arcade	The Atari team explains the technology and design of Hard Drivin’.
Retro Gamer	135	pp. 48-51	Jonathan Hurd	Arcade	Hurd recalls designing Atari’s Food Fight.
Retro Gamer	135	pp. 54-61	Eugene Jarvis and Defender-influenced developers	Arcade, Atari 8-bit	Jarvis and fellow developers discuss Defender and its lasting influence.
Retro Gamer	135	p. 82	Jerry Momoda	Arcade, NES	The former Nintendo of America staffer discusses the arcade and NES versions of Duck Hunt.
Retro Gamer	136	pp. 74-75	Archer Maclean	Arcade, Commodore 64	Maclean discusses arcade games that influenced his programming.
Retro Gamer	136	pp. 84-87	Jeff Lee and Kan Yabumoto	Arcade	The Gottlieb developers recount creating Mad Planets.
Retro Gamer	136	pp. 92-97	David Nutting	Arcade	Nutting recounts his companies’ early arcade games and technology.
Retro Gamer	137	pp. 72-75	Gary Stark and Al Baker	Arcade, Atari Lynx	Stark explains digitised graphics in Pit-Fighter; Baker discusses its Lynx conversion.
Retro Gamer	138	pp. 60-61	Howard Delman	Arcade	Delman discusses his early Atari driving game Super Bug.
Retro Gamer	141	pp. 62-65	Paul Kwinn	Arcade	Kwinn recalls coding Atari’s skateboarding game 720°.
Retro Gamer	141	pp. 86-89	Dona Bailey	Arcade	Bailey explains how she created Atari’s Centipede.
Retro Gamer	142	pp. 18-27	Shoot-'em-up developers	Arcade, Commodore 64	Eugene Jarvis, Andrew Braybrook, and other developers discuss the design and influence of shoot-‘em-ups.
Retro Gamer	142	pp. 30-33	Bruce Merritt	Arcade	Merritt recounts creating Atari’s vector shooter Black Widow.
Retro Gamer	143	pp. 30-33	Brian Colin	Arcade	Colin recalls the design and development of Xenophobe.
Retro Gamer	145	pp. 22-31	Yu Suzuki	Arcade	Suzuki discusses the design and lasting appeal of Space Harrier.
Retro Gamer	148	pp. 68-71	Makoto Yamamoto	Arcade	Yamamoto explains the design and technology of Gunblade NY.
Retro Gamer	149	p. 23	Mike Hally	Arcade	The Atari designer discusses creating the Star Wars arcade game.
Retro Gamer	149	pp. 92-97	Mike Hally	Arcade	Hally recalls his Atari arcade games, including Star Wars and Area 51.
Retro Gamer	150	p. 16	Tomohiro Nishikado	Arcade	Nishikado recounts developing Space Invaders.
Retro Gamer	150	p. 39	Kazuma Kujo	Arcade	Kujo discusses R-Type, including the Force weapon and biomechanical enemies.
Retro Gamer	150	p. 47	Steve Lycett	Arcade, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360	Lycett recalls Out Run and discusses Sumo Digital’s OutRun 2 conversions.
Retro Gamer	150	p. 52	Peter Rosas	Arcade	The Street Fighter V producer discusses why Street Fighter II worked as a fighting game.
Retro Gamer	150	pp. 96-99	Yu Suzuki	Arcade, Dreamcast	Suzuki looks back at his Sega arcade games and later career.
Retro Gamer	151	pp. 20-29	Street Fighter II developers	Arcade	Developers including Michael Latham and Yoshinori Ono discuss Street Fighter II and its influence.
Retro Gamer	151	pp. 64-69	Paul Owens and Hunchback developers	Arcade, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64	Developers recall the arcade original and home conversions of Hunchback.
Retro Gamer	152	pp. 76-83	Patrick Michael, Ant Lewis and Richard Tawn	Arcade, Saturn, Dreamcast	The developers recount the design and evolution of the Sega Rally series.
Retro Gamer	154	pp. 78-85	Yohei Shimbori	Arcade, Sony PlayStation, Xbox	The Team Ninja developer discusses the design and evolution of Dead Or Alive.
Retro Gamer	156	pp. 20-29	Yu Suzuki, Steve Lycett and Out Run developers	Arcade, Master System, Mega Drive, PlayStation 2	Developers discuss the creation and evolution of the Out Run series.
Retro Gamer	156	pp. 50-53	Mike Hally and Rich Adam	Arcade	The Atari developers recall creating the vector game Gravitar.
Retro Gamer	156	pp. 80-83	Steve Ranck and Midway developers	Arcade, Dreamcast	The team recounts the development of Hydro Thunder.
Retro Gamer	162	pp. 66-69	Peter Lipson	Arcade	Lipson discusses Atari’s Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom arcade game.
Retro Gamer	163	pp. 48-53	Robert Weatherby and the Area 51 team	Arcade	The developers recall making Atari’s lightgun game Area 51.
Retro Gamer	163	p. 49	Mark Pierce	Arcade	The executive producer answers questions about Area 51.
Retro Gamer	164	pp. 58-61	Peter Robinson	Arcade	Robinson recounts developing Hunchback for Century Electronics.
Retro Gamer	167	pp. 40-45	Dave Theurer, Alan Murphy and Mike Hally	Arcade	The Atari team recalls creating APB.
Retro Gamer	167	p. 45	Mike Hally	Arcade	Hally answers questions about creating APB with Dave Theurer.
Retro Gamer	168	pp. 92-97	Mark Cerny	Arcade, PlayStation, PlayStation 4	Cerny discusses his game development career.
Retro Gamer	169	pp. 20-27	Yu Suzuki, Tetsuya Kaku and Jeff Buchanan	Arcade, Sega Saturn	The Sega team discusses the creation of Virtua Fighter.
Retro Gamer	169	pp. 78-83	Howard Delman, Ed Rotberg and Roger Hector	Arcade	The founders recall Videa and Bally Sente’s arcade games.
Retro Gamer	169	pp. 86-89	Gerardo "Enzo" Sprigg and Kevin Klemmick	Arcade, Dreamcast	The Sega team recounts developing Alien Front Online.
Retro Gamer	171	pp. 50-53	Brian Colin and Jeff Nauman	Arcade	The Bally/Midway developers explain the making of Arch Rivals.
Retro Gamer	174	pp. 94-99	Mark Pierce	Arcade	Pierce discusses his arcade game development career.
Retro Gamer	177	pp. 62-65	Howell Ivy	Arcade	Ivy recalls designing Exidy’s Venture.
Retro Gamer	180	pp. 54-63	Ed Rotberg, Mike Arkin and Jason Kingsley	Arcade, PC, PlayStation 4	Developers reflect on the Battlezone series from Atari’s arcade original to later revivals.
Retro Gamer	181	pp. 22-23	Yoshinori Ono and Takayuki Nakayama	Arcade, PC, PlayStation 4	Capcom developers discuss designing Street Fighter characters.
Retro Gamer	181	pp. 26-29	Takayuki Nakayama	Arcade, PC, PlayStation 4	The Street Fighter V director discusses fighting mechanics and special moves.
Retro Gamer	184	pp. 20-29	Toshihiro Nagoshi and Daytona USA developers	Arcade, Saturn	Sega developers revisit the creation and legacy of Daytona USA.
Retro Gamer	184	pp. 92-97	Brian Colin	Arcade	Colin discusses his arcade art and game development career.
Retro Gamer	185	pp. 20-27	Tomohiro Nishikado and game creators	Arcade, Atari 2600	The Space Invaders creator and other developers discuss the game’s impact.
Retro Gamer	186	pp. 44-45	Owen Rubin	Arcade	Rubin recalls creating Atari’s Skydiver.
Retro Gamer	187	pp. 20-31	Yasuyuki Oda, Ben Herman and SNK developers	Arcade, Neo Geo, Neo Geo Pocket Color	Past and present SNK staff reflect on the company’s first 40 years.
Retro Gamer	187	p. 26	Hiroko Yokoyama	MSX2, Arcade	Yokoyama discusses the pixel art behind SNK games including Ikari Warriors.
Retro Gamer	187	pp. 34-37	Brandon Sheffield and Frank Cifaldi	Arcade, PC, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch	The developers discuss preserving early SNK games in the 40th Anniversary Collection.
Retro Gamer	193	pp. 18-27	Ed Boon	Arcade, PlayStation	Boon recounts the development and evolution of the Mortal Kombat series.
Retro Gamer	195	pp. 18-27	Nobuya Nakazato	Arcade, Commodore 64, Mega Drive	The Konami veteran recalls the company’s game development culture and technical ambitions.
Retro Gamer	195	pp. 56-59	Warren Davis	Arcade	Davis recalls creating the LaserDisc arcade game Us Vs Them.
Retro Gamer	197	pp. 38-39	Jeff Kulczycki	Arcade	Kulczycki explains how he made the unofficial Donkey Kong II: Jumpman Returns.
Retro Gamer	198	pp. 26-33	Naoki Horii	Arcade, Mega Drive	M2’s founder discusses the studio’s emulation and conversion work.
Retro Gamer	198	p. 32	Mike Mika and Frank Cifaldi	Arcade, PC	Developers discuss their work with M2 and game preservation.
Retro Gamer	200	pp. 24-29	Nolan Bushnell and Allan Alcorn	Arcade, Atari 2600	Atari’s founder and engineer recount the company’s early games and hardware.
Retro Gamer	200	pp. 60-63	Ian Andrew and Shinichi Ogasawara	PC, Arcade	Developers recall the transition to 3D videogames in the Nineties.
Retro Gamer	202	pp. 46-51	Minoru Kidooka, Toshimichi Mori and Daisuke Ishiwatari	NES, PlayStation, Arcade	Arc System Works staff trace the studio’s path from conversions to fighting games.
Retro Gamer	203	p. 50	Bob Flanagan	Arcade	Flanagan discusses programming Marble Madness and its unusual trackball controls.
Retro Gamer	204	pp. 92-97	Jeff Lee	Arcade	The Gottlieb artist reflects on his game art career and the creation of Q*bert.
Retro Gamer	205	p. 9	Warren Davis	Arcade	The Q*bert creator reflects on programming and documenting his early game development work.
Retro Gamer	205	pp. 92-97	Tim Kitzrow	Arcade	The NBA Jam voice actor recalls recording lines for Midway’s arcade games.
Retro Gamer	207	pp. 18-27	Toru Iwatani	Arcade	Iwatani revisits the creation and enduring success of Pac-Man.
Retro Gamer	207	pp. 76-81	Howie Rubin	Arcade	Rubin recalls his game development and production career.
Retro Gamer	211	pp. 32-33	Dennis Koble	Arcade	Koble recalls designing Atari’s arcade game Dominos.
Retro Gamer	213	pp. 66-69	Karl Mizen and Matt Precious	Arcade	Numskull staff explain how they recreated arcade cabinets for the Quarter Arcades range.
Retro Gamer	215	pp. 18-27	Yasuyuki Oda and Nobuyuki Kuroki	Neo Geo, Arcade	SNK veterans discuss the technical design and legacy of the Neo Geo.
Retro Gamer	216	pp. 92-97	Betty Ryan	Arcade, Atari 2600, Atari 5200	Ryan recalls her game programming and engineering career at GCC and Atari.
Retro Gamer	217	pp. 18-27	Capcom staff and arcade developers	Arcade, Nintendo Switch	Capcom staff and fellow developers discuss its arcade legacy and the Capcom Arcade Stadium collection.
Retro Gamer	217	pp. 44-47	Eugene Jarvis and Jack Haeger	Arcade	The Williams developers revisit the design and production of Narc.
Retro Gamer	220	pp. 18-27	Kazuma Kujo	Arcade, PC Engine, PlayStation	Kujo traces the R-Type series and discusses its forthcoming sequel.
Retro Gamer	220	pp. 92-97	David Thiel	Arcade	Thiel discusses creating sound and speech for arcade games and pinball machines.
Retro Gamer	222	pp. 18-31	Yasuyuki Oda and Eisuke Ogura	Neo Geo, Arcade, PlayStation 4	SNK staff trace the design and evolution of The King Of Fighters series.
Retro Gamer	222	pp. 40-41	Ed Logg	Arcade	Logg recalls designing Atari’s Video Pinball arcade game.
Retro Gamer	223	pp. 50-53	Bob Flanagan, Mike Hally and Bridget Erdmann	Arcade	Atari developers recount creating the pirate-themed arcade game Skull & Crossbones.
Retro Gamer	226	pp. 92-97	Steve Golson	Arcade	Golson reflects on programming Ms. Pac-Man, Food Fight and other arcade projects.
Retro Gamer	227	pp. 38-43	Doug Carlston and Lode Runner developers	Apple II, Arcade, PC, Nintendo 64	The creator and later developers trace the design and legacy of Lode Runner.
Retro Gamer	228	pp. 34-37	Howell Ivy	Arcade	Ivy recalls creating the controversial arcade game Chiller.
Retro Gamer	229	pp. 38-43	Kevin Bayliss, Paul Machacek and AJ Grand-Scrutton	NES, Game Boy, Arcade, PC	Developers trace the design and changing styles of Battletoads.
Retro Gamer	229	pp. 74-75	Ryuichi Nishizawa	Arcade, Nintendo Switch	Nishizawa discusses the restoration of the unreleased arcade game Clockwork Aquario.
Retro Gamer	231	pp. 52-59	Rick Clucas, Steve Clark and Ryan Kaufman	Arcade, Atari ST, Amiga, Game Boy Advance, PSP	Developers revisit the original After Burner and its home and portable adaptations.
Retro Gamer	231	pp. 69-70	Shinya Nagatomo and Toshinobu Kondo	Arcade, PC Engine, Nintendo Switch	The developers discuss creating Cotton and revisiting it for modern hardware.
Retro Gamer	232	pp. 34-39	Tetsuo Egawa	Arcade	Taito’s producer explains the design and game selection of the Egret II Mini.
Retro Gamer	233	pp. 34-39	Owen Rubin and Jess Askey	Arcade	The original creator and a homebrew programmer discuss completing Major Havoc as The Promised End.
Retro Gamer	233	pp. 56-59	Matt Householder, Jeff Lee and David Thiel	Arcade	Gottlieb developers recount making the arcade adaptation of Krull.
Retro Gamer	234	pp. 86-91	Paul Niemeyer	Arcade	Niemeyer reflects on creating arcade cabinet art for Ms. Pac-Man, Tron and other games.
Retro Gamer	235	pp. 18-29	Ryuichi Nishizawa	Arcade, Master System, PC Engine	The series creator traces the design and history of Wonder Boy.
Retro Gamer	236	pp. 18-27	Shuhei Matsumoto, Kazuhiro Tsuchiya and Takayuki Nakayama	Arcade, PlayStation 4, PC	Capcom staff discuss Street Fighter’s cultural reach and the series’ continuing development.
Retro Gamer	236	pp. 86-91	Franz Lanzinger	Arcade, PC	Lanzinger reflects on creating Crystal Castles and his wider game-development career.
Retro Gamer	237	pp. 30-31	Howell Ivy	Arcade	Ivy recalls developing Exidy’s arcade game Circus.
Retro Gamer	238	pp. 72-75	Hideo Yoshizawa	Arcade, PlayStation	Yoshizawa discusses the ideas behind Namco’s puzzle game Mr Driller.
Retro Gamer	238	pp. 86-91	John Newcomer	Arcade	Newcomer reflects on designing Joust and his later work.
Retro Gamer	240	pp. 18-33	Nolan Bushnell, Al Alcorn and Atari veterans	Arcade, Atari 2600, Atari Jaguar	Atari staff past and present recount 50 years of the company’s games and hardware.
Retro Gamer	240	pp. 36-41	Stephen Frost, Dave Rees and Drew Scanlon	Atari 2600, Arcade, PC	Digital Eclipse staff explain the games, interviews and historical material in Atari 50.
Retro Gamer	240	pp. 62-63	Yuichi Toyama and Naoki Horii	Arcade, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4	Taito and M2 developers explain the technical work behind Ray’Z Arcade Chronology.
Retro Gamer	241	pp. 6-7	Karl Mizen	Arcade	Mizen discusses creating Numskull’s miniature Space Invaders and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cabinets.
Retro Gamer	241	pp. 18-27	Thomas Church, Chris Kohler, Stephen Frost and Charles Murakami	Arcade, NES, SNES, Mega Drive	Digital Eclipse and Konami staff discuss the history and preservation of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles games.
Retro Gamer	241	p. 61	Kouichi Yotsui and Kiyoshi Utata	Arcade	The designer and artist discuss creating Cannon Dancer.
Retro Gamer	242	pp. 12-13	Matt Sephton	Arcade, PC	Indie developer Sephton discusses documenting Easter Island moai in videogames on Moai.games.
Retro Gamer	242	pp. 62-63	Philippe Dessoly	Arcade, SNES, Switch, PlayStation 4, PC	The artist discusses Mr Nutz Studio’s updated Joe & Mac: Caveman Ninja.
Retro Gamer	243	pp. 16-17	Jeff Minter	Arcade, PC	Minter discusses his modern take on Atari’s unreleased arcade game Akka Arrh.
Retro Gamer	244	pp. 78-83	Hiroyuki Kawano, Yoshiyuki Tanaka and Masaharu Oomori	Arcade, PlayStation 2	Dimps developers revisit the art, combat system and production of The Rumble Fish games.
Retro Gamer	244	pp. 86-91	Roger Hector	Arcade, Mega Drive	Hector discusses his career designing games and hardware at Atari, Sega and other studios.
Retro Gamer	245	pp. 40-43	John Newcomer, Kristina Donofrio and Warren Davis	Arcade	The designer and programmers recall creating Joust 2: Survival Of The Fittest.
Retro Gamer	246	pp. 62-67	Manabu Kusunoki	Arcade, Mega Drive	The designer discusses the creation and characters of Sega’s Bonanza Bros.
Retro Gamer	246	pp. 78-83	Eugene Jarvis	Arcade, Wii, Switch	Jarvis traces the design and technology of the Cruis’n racing series.
Retro Gamer	246	pp. 86-91	Alistair Crooks	Arcade	Crooks recalls establishing Atari UK and installing the country’s first official Pong machine.
Retro Gamer	247	pp. 48-55	Tatsuya Uemura and Masahiro Yuge	Arcade	Former Toaplan developers share memories of the studio’s arcade games.
Retro Gamer	247	pp. 86-91	Matt Householder	Arcade, Commodore 64	Householder reflects on his game-development career and the games he would take to a desert island.
Retro Gamer	248	pp. 46-51	Toshinobu Komazawa	Arcade	Komazawa traces the development of the Raiden shoot-‘em-up series.
Retro Gamer	248	pp. 54-57	Carlos Granados	Arcade	Granados recalls developing the rally racer World Rally at Zigurat.
Retro Gamer	250	pp. 52-57	Kazutomo Ishida	Arcade	Ishida recalls the origins and development of Taito’s The NewZealand Story.
Retro Gamer	250	p. 56	Rin Hamada	Arcade, Switch	Hamster Corporation’s president discusses the Taito Milestones 2 collection.
Retro Gamer	250	pp. 88-91	Naoki Suda and Shigeyuki Teruyama	Arcade, Switch	Suda discusses AlfaSystem’s Castle Of Shikigami games and their re-release.

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References